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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

BERKELEY 


SUMMER  SESSION 

June  21  to  July  31,  1915 


ANNOUNCEMENT  OF  LECTURES 

UPON 

THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE 
WAR  SPIRIT 

BY 
GEORGE  MALCOLM  STRATTON 

Professor  of  Psychology  in  the  University  of  California 
Special  Lecturer  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 


•  •  ••: 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIRIT 


The  place  of  warfare  in  human  nature,  and  the  prospect 
of.  bringing  it  under  control.  The  occasion  and  motives  of 
combat  in  the  civilized  adult  and  in  the  child,  in  the  savage 
and  in  the  animal.  The  service  and  quality  of  individual 
and  collective  fighting  generally,  and  its  relation  to  war. 
War's  effect  upon  the  great  interests,  and  their  effect  and 
judgment  upon  war.  The  historic  devices  for  abolishing 
war.  Present  incitements  to  war,  and  the  means  of  allaying 
them.  The  need  of  public  conviction  and  of  institutions 
through  which  this  conviction  may  act.  The  difficulty  and 
promise  of  a  well-ordered  international  life.  The  future 
of  the  combative  impulse. 

Lectures  to  be  given  throughout  the  Summer  Session 
on  Monday,  Wednesday  and  Friday  at  2  p.m.,  in  Room  206, 
Bacon  Hall. 


346661 


The  lecturer,  formerly  Professor  of  Experimental  Psy- 
chology in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  is  a  graduate  of 
the  University  of  California,  of  Yale  University,  and  of  the 
University  of  Leipzig.  He  is  the  author  of  Experimental 
Psychology  and  its  Bearings  upon  Culture  (New  York  and 
London,  1903),  The  Psychology  of  the  Religious  Life  (Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1911) ,  and  of  articles  in  various  journals 
of  Psychology.  Upon  war  and  its  control  two  papers  of  his 
have  appeared  in  the  series  entitled  International  Concilia- 
tion: ''The  Double  Standard  in  Regard  to  Fighting"  (Oct., 
1912),  and  ''The  Control  of  the  Fighting  Instinct"  (Dec, 
1913). 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  TIIE  WAB  SPIBIT 


OUTLINE  OF  THE  LECTURES 

Introduction 

The  present  condition  of  our  thought  about  war.  Diffi- 
culties confronting  those  who  would  not  be  visionary,  but 
would  respect  the  findings  of  history,  of  biology,  and  of 
psychology,  as  well  as  the  requirements  of  practical  politics. 
The  need  of  perceiving  the  place  which  war  holds  in  human 
nature  and  in  institutions.  Only  after  a  patient  survey  can 
one  intelligently  judge  to  what  extent  there  is  soundness 
and  sanity  in  the  effort  to  control  and  repress  warfare. 

Lists  of  the  more  important  works  upon  war  and  its 
control  will  be  found  in  the  following : 

David  Starr  Jordan  and  Edward  B.  Krehbiel:  Syllabus  of  Lectures 
on  International  Conciliation,  Stanford  University,  1912. 

Henri  La  Fontaine:  Bihliographie  de  la  paix  et  de  I'arbitrage  inter- 
national, Tome  I,  Bruxelles,  1904. 

Charles  H.  Levermore:  Suggestions  for  the  Study  of  International 
Belations,  World  Peace  Foundation  Pamphlet  Series,  Boston, 
Nov.,  1913,  vol.  3,  no.  11,  part  2. 

Frederick  C.  Hicks:  ** Internationalism:  A  Selected  List  of  Books, 
Pamphlets  and  Periodicals,^'  in  International  ConciliatioUf 
no.  64,  New  York,  March,  1913. 

John  Metz:  ''Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  the  War  and  Peace  Problem 
for  the  Study  of  International  Polity,"  published  by  the 
American  Association  for  International  Conciliation,  New  York, 
Feb.,  1915. 

Edwin  D.  Mead:  The  Literature  of  the  Peace  Movement,  Boston, 
World  Peace  Foundation. 

Benjamin  F.  Trueblood:  The  Federation  of  the  World,  Boston,  1899. 
See  list  of  works  at  the  end. 

A  Library  of  Peace  and  War,  with  an  introduction  by  Francis  W. 
Hirst,  London,  1907. 

Other  lists  are  published  by  the  Association  for  Inter- 
national Conciliation,  The  Library  of  Congress,  and  The 
Brooklyn  Public  Library. 

A  few  titles  are  given  below  in  connection  with  each  of 
the  lectures  outlined. 


TBE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  TEE  WAR  SPIRIT  6 

PART  I 

WAR'S  SOURCES  IN  THE  INDIVIDUAL 

1.  The  External  Occasions  of  Fighting 

The  situations  that  arouse  pugnacity.  The  importance 
of  personal  confronting :  persons  are  to  us  the  most  valued 
and  most  irritating  of  objects.  Situations  that  call  forth 
or'oppose  the  primary  impulses  and  instincts.  The  impulses 
of  appropriation,  of  mating,  and  of  domination.  The 
invasion  of  ''rights,"  special  and  general.  The  imponder- 
able character  of  many  affronts.  The  defense  of  personal 
dignity,  of  character,  of  beliefs,  of  "the  cause."  Import- 
ance attached  to  the  intention  of  the  opponent.  Formal 
features  in  insult. 

Eefebences 

William  James:  Principles  of  Psychology,  New  York,  1890.  Ch.  24, 
on  '  *  Instinct ' '  and  ch.  25  on  "  The  Emotions.  See  especially 
vol.  II,  pp.  409,  478. 

Th.  Eibot :  ProhUmes  de  psycJiologie  affective,  Paris,  1910.  Especially 
ch.  3. 

Alexander  Bain:  The  Emotions  and  the  Will,  4th  ed.,  London,  1899, 
ch.  9. 

James  Sully:  The  Human  Mind,  London,  1892,  vol.  II,  pp.  93  ff. 

Particular  descriptions  of  personal  rage  and  combat,  e.g.,  in  Dana's 
Two  Years  Before  the  Mast,  chs.  15  and  27;  in  Nicolay  and 
Hay's  Abraham  Lincoln,  New  York,  1890,  vol.  1,  pp.  79  ff;  etc. 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAB  SPIRIT 


2.  The  Inner  Sources  of  Combativeness 

The  chief  motives  for  fighting.  Is  self-interest  the  sole 
or  the  dominant  motive?  Relative  importance  of  the  dif- 
ferent motives;  the  confusion  of  motives.  Motiveless  con- 
tention, in  the  sense  in  which  ''motive"  is  here  used.  The 
latent  love  of  fighting  for  its  own  sake.  The  love  of  atten- 
tion and  of  admiration  as  affecting  pugnacity.  The  love 
of  justice  and  of  injustice.  Fear  of  pain  and  contempt  for 
pain.  The  motives  of  personal  fighting  compared  with  those 
which  control  states. 


Eeferences 

Hiram  M.   Stanley:    Evolutionary  Psychology   of  Feeling,  London, 

1895,  ch.  10,  '* Anger.'' 
Th.   Jouffroy:    Melanges   philosophiques ;  Psychologic,   pt.   11,   *'De 

ramour  de  soi,"  pp.  202  ff. 
Articles  on  "Anger,"  "Hate,"  "Kevenge, "  in  the  Dictionary  of 

Philosophy  and  Psychology,  ed.  by  Baldwin. 
G.  F.  Stout:  A  Manual  of  Psychology,  London  and  New  York,  1899, 

pp.   307  ff  J    2nd  ed.,   1904,   pp.   319  ff.     Analytic  Psychology, 

London  and  New  York,  1896,  vol.  11,  pp.  96  f . 


TEE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAB  SPIRIT 


3.  The  Psychic  Condition  of  Hostility 

The  mental  state  of  the  fighter.  The  delusions  produced 
by  anger;  the  false  attribution  of  motives  to  the  opponent. 
Inhibitions  and  facilitations  during  the  pugnacious  seizure. 
Restriction  of  the  mental  field.  Change  of  the  object  of 
hatred  as  the  seizure  develops;  changes  from  passion  to 
comparative  calm.  The  frequency  of  emotional  catharsis 
from  combat;  the  reasons.  The  subconscious  factor  in 
hostility.  The  union  in  it  of  instinct  and  intelligence.  The 
psychic  state  of  the  pugnacious  individual  compared  with 
that  of  the  belligerent  nation. 


Eeferences 

William  James:  Principles  of  Psychology,  New  York,  1890,  vol.  II, 

p.  460. 
A.  Eoss  Defendorf:  Clinical  Psychiatry,  adapted  from  Kraepelin^s 

Lehrbnch  der  Psychiatric,  New  York,  1902,  p.  326. 
Sir  Henry  M.  Stanley:  Autobiography,  Boston  anS'^ew  York,  1909, 

pp.  189,  198,  201,  etc. 
Field  Marshal  Viscount  Wolseley:   The  Story  of  a  Soldier's  Life, 

New  York,  1903,  especially  vol.  I,  pp.  69  fff  368  ff. 


TEE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  TEE  WAR  SPIRIT 


4.  The  Value  and  Control  of  Pugnacity 

The  relation  of  pugnacity  to  the  anger-reactions  in  gen- 
eral. The  group  of  reactions  opposed  to  them.  The  office 
of  each  group  in  the  life  of  the  individual  and  of  society. 
Their  connection  with  originality  and  with  imitation.  Self- 
control  and  social  control  of  pugnacity  in  the  individual. 
Social  pressure  upon  the  pacific  and  upon  the  combative. 
Evidence  that  while  the  individual  is  incurably  antipathetic, 
he  is  not  incurably  pugnacious.  The  proper  place,  propor- 
tion, and  direction  of  pugnacity.  The  contentious  spirit 
without  physical  onslaught.  Findings  significant  for  the 
control  of  international  fighting. 


Eeferences 

G.  Tarde:  L 'Opposition  JJniverselle:  Essai  d'une  Theorie  des  con- 
traires,  Paris,  1897,  especially  ehs.  6  and  7.  Les  transforma- 
tions du  pouvour,  Paris,  1899,  especially  eh.  11. 

William  McDougall:  An  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  7th  ed., 
London,  1913,  ch.  11,  ^'The  Instinct  of  Pugnacity." 

Herbert  Spencer:  The  Study  of  Sociology,  chs.  8  and  9. 

Sophie  Bryant:  "Antipathy  and  Sympathy,"  Mind,  vol.  4  (n.s.), 
July,  1895,  p.  365. 

' '  The  Control  of  the  Fighting  Instineij^  in  International  Concilia- 
tion, New  York,  Dec,  1913,  nof  73.J 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIBIT  10 


PART  II 

THE  ANTECEDENTS  AND  CHARACTER  OF 
WARFARE  PROPER 


5.  Fighting  Among  Animals  and  Among  Children 

The  lower  and  higher  forms  of  animal  pugnacity.  Pug- 
nacious and  pacific  animals  of  like  level  of  development. 
Pacific  traits  in  pugnacious  animals,  and  pugnacious  traits 
in  the  pacific.  Occasions  and  motives  here  compared  with 
those  in  human  fighting.  Co-operative  fighting  among 
animals.    The  service  and  effect  of  animal  pugnacity. 

The  rise  and  decline  of  pugnacity  in  the  child.  Source 
of  the  difference  of  behavior  of  boys  and  girls.  The  *  *  code '  * 
of  boys'  fighting.  The  incitements  offered  by  "public 
opinion ' '  among  boys.  ' '  Gang '  '-fighting  among  boys.  The 
likeness  and  the  difference  between  the  fighting  of  children 
and  of  adults.  Children 's  fighting  as  a  source  of  light  upon 
war. 

Eeferences 
Charles  Darwin:    The    Expression    of    the    Emotions    in    Man    and 

Animals;  especially  chs.  4,  5,  9,  10. 
Alexander  Bain:  The  Emotions  and  the  Will,  4th  ed.,  London,  1899; 

especially  ch.  9. 
G.  F.  Stout:  Analytic  Psychology,  London  and  New  York,  1896,  11, 
p.  96.     Manual  of  Psychology,  2nd  ed.,  London,  1904,  319  ff. 
S.  J.  Holmes:  The  Evolution  of  Animal  Intelligence,  New  York,  1911, 

ehs.  5  and  6. 
G.  Stanley  Hall:  Adolescence,  Boston,  1907,  vol.  I,  pp.  26  ff. 
Special  examples  of  fighting  among  animals  and  among  children 
are  scattered  through  books  of  travel  and  of  biography:  e.g.. 
Sir  Eichard  Burton's  Pilgrimage  to  Al  Madinah  and  Meccah, 
Ed.  of  1898,  vol.  I,  pp.  301  f.  John  Morley's  Life  of  Glad- 
stone, New  York,  1903,  vol.  I,  pp.  27  f.  The  Woman  Home- 
steader (Elinore  Kupert  Stewart):  "Letters  on  an  Elk 
Hunt,"  Atlantic  Monthly,  June,  1915;  etc. 


TRE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAB  SPIRIT  11 


6.  Fighting  Among  SavxVges 

The  difference  between  tribes  as  regards  pugnacity ;  war- 
like and  pacific  tribes  and  peoples.  Savage  restrictions  upon 
fighting.  Individual  and  collective  fighting  among  the 
uncivilized.  The  cementing  and  separative  effect  of  savage 
warfare.  Its  value  as  a  discipline  in  co-operation.  Com- 
parison of  this  form  with  other  forms  of  discipline  and 
co-operation.  Occasions  and  motives  here  compared  with 
those  of  civilized  communities. 


Eeferences 
Theodor  Waitz:  Anthropologie  der  Naturvolker,  Leipzig,  1862-1877. 
F.  Eatzel:  The  History  of  ManTcind,  transl.  by  Butler,  London,  1897. 
William  G.  Sumner:  Folkways,  Boston,  1911;  especially  ch.  13. 
Spencer:  Principles  of  Sociology,  part  IV,  ch.  17. 
Wm.   McDougall:    An   Introduction   to   Social  Psychology,   7th   ed., 
London,  1913,  ch.  11,  "The  Instinct  of  Pugnacity." 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAE  SPIRIT  12 


7.  Significant  Changes  Among  Leading  Peoples 

Growth  of  the  distinction  between  legitimate  and  illegiti- 
mate fighting.  The  common  quality  and  difference  in  per- 
sonal brawls,  piracy,  raids,  riot,  rebellion,  war.  Fighting 
as  a  state  monopoly.  The  decline  of  personal  brawling, 
family  feuds,  clan- warfare,  inter-urban  wars.  The  suppres- 
sion of  baronial  warfare.  The  cause  and  effect  of  these 
changes.  The  enlargement  of  internally  pacific  areas  as 
affecting  the  magnitude  and  frequency  of  wars.  Does  war 
and  the  preparation  for  war  serve  as  an  outlet  and  allayer 
of  petty  pugnacity?  The  federation  of  states  into  unions 
and  empires.  War  as  the  great  instrument  of  these  changes. 
The  reaction  upon  the  instrument  itself. 


Eeperences 

Max  Jahns:  Handhuch  einer  Geschichte  des  Kriegswesens  von  der 
Urzeit  Ms  zur  Benaissance,  Leipzig,  1880.  Geschichte  der 
Kriegswissenschaften  vornehmlich  in  Deutschland,  Miinchen  and 
Leipzig,  1889-91. 

Hans  Delbriick:  Geschichte  der  KriegsTcunst  in  Bahmen  der  polit- 
ischen  Geschichte,  Berlin,  1900-1907. 

Simonde  de  Sismondi:  History  of  the  Italian  BepuMics  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  recast  by  Boulting,  London  [1905],  especially  the  parts 
that  deal  with  the  Condottieri,  and  with  inter-urban  warfare. 

Nicole  Machiavelli:  The  Prince. 

E.  Norman  Angell  (Lane):  The  Great  Illusion,  4th  ed.,  New  York 
and  London,  1913,  part  11,  ch.  5. 


TEE  PSTCEOLOGY  OF  TEE  WAE  SPIEIT  13 


8.  The  Present  Quality  of  Warfare 

Its  illustration  of  the  psychology  of  crowds.  The  con- 
trast between  national  and  individual  judgments  of  fighting. 
The  deliberate  and  rational,  the  passionate  and  irrational 
elements  in  war.  The  lower  and  the  higher  motives  which 
enter  into  it.  The  attempt  to  *' civilize"  warfare;  the 
dilemma  of  the  modern  warrior.  The  unifying  and  separa- 
tive effects  of  war.  Its  limited  schooling  in  co-operation 
and  in  competition.  Rival  forms  of  discipline.  The  con- 
trast between  the  police-function  and  warfare  as  at  present 
organized.    The  want  of  finality  in  the  present  system. 


Keferences 

General   Friedrich   von   Bernhardi:    On   War   of   Today,   trans,  by 

Donat,  London,  1912-13;  especially  vol.  I,  ch.  8. 
Sir  Garnet  Wolseley:  Soldier's  Pocket  Boole  for  Field  Service,  5tli  ed., 

London,  1886. 
Colonel  Sir  Patrick  MacDougall:  Modern  Warfare  as  Influenced  ly 

Modern  Artillery,  London,  1864;  especially  ch.  4. 
Tadayoshi  Sakurai:  Euman  Bullets;  a  Soldier's  Story  of  Port  Arthur, 

transl.  by  Masujiro  Honda,  Boston  and  New  York,  1907. 
Gustave  Le  Bon:  The  Crowd:  A  Study  of  the  Popular  Mind,  London, 

1910. 
'-^The  Double  Standard  in  Eegard  to  Fighting, '^  in  International 

Conciliation,  no.  59,  New  York,  Oct.,  1912. 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAS  SPIRIT  14 

PART  ni 
WARFARE  AND  THE  GREAT  INTERESTS 


9.  Commerce  and  Science 

Commercial  motives  and  effects  of  war.  The  expenses  of 
past  wars  and  of  the  present  war.  What  can  and  what 
cannot  be  accomplished  commercially  by  war.  Growth  of 
trade  with  and  without  military  and  naval  mastery.  The 
wealth  of  the  more  pacific  peoples.  Economic  effect  of  sup- 
pressing pugnacity  outside  of  war.  Yet  war  will  never  be 
controlled  solely  from  prudential  motives;  the  importance 
of  the  essentially  improvident  reactions. 

The  effect  of  war  upon  the  intensitj^  and  direction  of 
scientific  and  intellectual  effort.  Inferences  from  observa- 
tion upon  the  inhibitions  and  facilitations  due  to  anger. 
The  use  of  science  to  support  and  combat  war.  Arguments 
based  on  history,  biologj^,  and  psychology.  Nature  as  a 
criterion  of  morals  in  human  action. 


Eeferences 

E.  Norman  Angell  (Lane):  The  Great  Illusion,  4th  ed.,  New  York 
and  London,  1913. 

Jean  de  Bloch:  The  Future  of  War  in  its  Technical,  Economic  and 
Political  Eelations,  transl.  by  Long,  Boston,  1903. 

W.  E.  Lawson:  Modern  Wars  and  War  Taxes,  A  Manual  of  Military 
Finance,  Edinburgh  and  London,  1912;  especially  part  VL 

David  Starr  Jordan:  The  Unseen  Empire;  A  Study  of  the  Plight  of 
Nations  that  do  not  Pay  their  Debts,  Boston,  1912;  and  (with 
Harvey  Ernest  Jordan):  War's  Aftermath,  a  Preliminary 
Study  of  the  Eugenics  of  War,  Boston  and  New  York,  1914. 


TEE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIBIT  15 


References — (Contniued) 

Vernon  Kellogg:  Beyond  War,  New  York,  1912. 

J.  Artlmr  Thomson:  **A  Note  on  the  Biology  of  War,"  Concordia, 

Aberdeen  University  [1913]. 
Captain  Palmer:  *' Insurance  of  Peace/'  Scribner's  Magazine,  vol. 

51  (1912),  p.  186. 
Lieut.-Gen'l  Hart:  ''Vindication  of  War,"  Nineteenth  Century,  vol. 

70  (1911),  p.  226. 
M.  A.  de  Maday:  ''Des  sanctions  economiques  en  cas  de  violation 

du  Droit  international."  Bulletin  Ofjficiel  de  XX^^   Congres 

Universel  de  la  Paix,  tenu  a  La  Haye,  1913,  p.  271. 


TBE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAB  SPIBIT  16 


10.  Art  and  Religion 

War's  influence  upon  the  art-impulse.  Pugnacity  as 
material  for  great  art.  Illustrations  from  the  work  of  the 
poets,  novelists,  painters,  and  composers  of  music.  Proba- 
bility that  war  will  always  furnish  prized  subjects  for  the 
artist.  Yet  the  difference  between  the  love  of  the  aesthetic 
contemplation  of  catastrophe  and  the  love  of  catastrophe 
itself;  tragedy  in  contrast  with  real  death.  The  tendency 
to  enjoy  in  idea  what  is  acknowledged  to  be  illegitimate  in 
reality. 

Effect  of  war  upon  religion,  and  of  religion  upon  war. 
The  non-Christian  religions.  Christianity  and  its  various 
expressions,  ancient,  mediaeval,  and  modern.  The  religious 
attitude  toward  a  particular  side  in  a  given  war,  and  toward 
war  as  a  permanent  system  of  international  adjustment. 
The  Christian  use  of  warfare  as  a  symbol  of  spiritual 
endeavor. 

Eeferences 
John  Euskin:  The  Crown  of  Wild  Olives,  lecture  III,  ''War.'* 
Admiral  A.  T.  Mahan:  Some  Neglected  Aspects  of  War,  Boston  and 

London,  1907. 
Agnes  Eepplier:  "Christianity  and  War,"  Atlantic  Monthly,  Jan., 

1915. 
W.  D.  Howells:   ["War  Stops  Literature"]  The  New  YorTc  Times, 

Nov.  29,  1914. 
Walter  Walsh:  The  Moral  Damage  of  War,  Boston,  1906;  especially 

chs.  7  and  8. 
John  Bright:  Selected  Speeches,  London  and  New  York,  1907. 


THE  FSYCROLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIBIT  17 


11.  Morality 

The  moral  elation  of  the  nation  at  war.  The  loftiness 
and  yet  narrowness  of  such  feeling.  Purification  through 
the  slaughter  of  foreigners.  The  demoralizing  effects  of 
peace.  The  unquestionable  discipline  which  war  has  given 
in  the  past.  How  far  it  is  still  needed.  The  eft'ect  of  army- 
training  and  of  the  campaign.  The  character  of  great 
warriors.  The  upbuilding  and  destruction  of  personal 
standards;  the  weakening  and  support  of  public  injustice 
and  tyranny.  The  contradiction  between  private  and  public 
morality.    The  standards  of  judgment. 


Eeferences 

General  Friedrich  von  Bernhardi:  Germany  and  the  Next  War,  transl. 

by  Powles,  London,  1913;   especially  ch.  2,  ''The  Eight  to 

Make  War/'  and  ch.  3,  ''The  Duty  to  Make  War." 
Walter  Walsh:  The  Moral  Damage  of  War,  Boston,  1906. 
Von  der  Goltz:   The  Nation  in  Arms,  transl.  by  Ashworth,  5th  ed., 

London,  1906;  especially  ch.  7. 
L.  P.  Jacks:  in  The  New  York  Nation,  Oct.  1,  1914,  vol.  99,  p.  402. 
The  Imperial  Chancellor's  Speech  in  the  Reichstag,  Dec.  2,  1914, 

in  International  Conciliation,  no.  86,  Jan.,  1915. 
Lloyd  George:  Queen's  Hall  Speech,  Sept.  19,  1914. 
Various  official  reports  of  Atrocities  in  connection  with  the  present 

War. 


TEE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAB  SPIRIT  18 


12.  Statecraft 

Does  government  rest  ultimately  upon  force  ?  The  inti- 
mate relation  between  war  and  the  growth  and  life  of  states. 
Warriors  as  rulers  and  as  counsellors.  The  present  influence 
of  the  military  class  upon  state  policy.  The  traditional 
honors  and  decorations  attached  to  war.  The  tendency  to 
exaggerate  the  good  of  victory  and  the  evil  of  defeat. 
Opposing  conceptions  of  the  state  in  its  relation  to  war. 
The  state  as  policeman,  as  traffic-manager,  and  as  school- 
master. The  state  as  the  supreme  object  of  loyalty,  and  as 
without  external  obligations.  How  shall  we  determine  the 
true  function  and  place  of  government?  The  influence  of 
democracy  and  of  the  newer  social  movements. 


References 

J.  K.  Bluntschli:  The  Theory  of  the  State,  Engl,  tr.,  Oxford,  1885; 
especially  book  I,  ' '  The  Conception  of  the  State, ' '  and  book 
V,  ''The  End  of  the  State.'' 

Baron  de  Jomini:  The  Art  of  War,  transl.  by  Mendell  and  Craighill, 
Philadelphia,  1862;  especially  ch.  1. 

Karl  von  Clausewitz:  Vom  Eriege,  Berlin,  1911;  especially  bk.  VIII, 
ch.  6. 

General  von  Bernardi:  On  War  of  Today,  transl.  by  Donat,  London, 
1912-13,  vol.  II,  ch.  2.  Germany  and  the  Next  War,  transl.  by 
Powles,  London,  1913;  especially  chs.  1  and  6. 

Von  der  Goltz:  Conduct  of  War;  A  Brief  Study  of  its  Most  Im- 
portant Principles  and  Forms,  transl.  by  Dickman,  Kansas 
City,  1896.  The  Nation  in  Arms,  transl.  by  Ashworth,  new 
ed.,  London,  1906,  ch.  3. 


TBE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIBIT  19 

PART  IV 

METHODS  OF  CONTROLLING  WAR 

13.  The  Principles  of  Cure 

The  Utopian  and  the  non-Utopian  approach  to  the  prob- 
lem. Reasons  for  believing  that  the  control  of  the  war- 
impulse  is  possible.  What  can  and  what  cannot  be  eradi- 
cated from  human  nature.  Progress  already  made  in  the 
control  of  fighting.  Warfare  itself  involves  a  great  amount 
of  such  control ;  and  the  development  of  society  and  of  the 
state  involves  still  more.  The  control  of  war  does  not 
require  a  revolution  in  human  nature,  but  merely  an  im- 
provement in  human  organization.  Nor  is  perfection  of 
human  character  a  pre-condition  of  such  control.  Lessons 
from  municipal  government  and  from  other  government. 


References 

Vernon  L.  Kellogg:  Beyond  War,  New  York,  1912;  especially  ch.  5, 

''Human  Nature:  a  Product  and  Subject  of  Evolution." 
R.  Norman  Angell  (Lane):  The  Great  Illusion,  4th  ed.,  New  York, 

and  London,  1913;  especially  part  II,  ch.  3,  and  part  III,  ch.  3. 
Elizabeth  Woodbridge:  "Our  Unchanging  Human  Nature,"  Atlantic 

Monthly,  vol.  109  (1912),  p.  852. 
H.    M.    Chittenden:    ''Does    Human    Nature    Change?"    Atlantic 

Monthly,  vol.  109  (1912),  p.  777. 
Admiral    C.    F.    Goodrich:    "Wanted — an    International    Police," 

Nineteenth  Century,  vol.  70,  p.  24. 


TEE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAB  SPIBIT  20 


14.  The  Needed  Discipline  of  Feeling  and  of  Judgment 

The  emotional  and  the  argumentative  factors  in  every 
great  reform.  The  need  both  of  clear  judgment  and  of 
revulsion  and  protest.  Illusions  in  the  popular  sense  of 
value  connected  with  warfare.  Expression  of  these  in  the 
press,  in  politics,  and  in  religion.  The  kind  of  education 
needed  to  dispel  these  illusions.  The  growth  and  value  of 
the  peace  movement.  No  means  will  control  war  until  there 
is  a  widespread  desire  to  control  it,  and  a  conviction  that 
it  can  be  controlled.  Yet  these  alone  are  not  enough ;  there 
must  also  be  inventiveness  and  indomitable  will  and  leader- 
ship. 


Eeferences 

H.  S.  Pritchett:  "The  Power  that  Makes  for  Peace,"  Atlantic 
Monthly,  July,  1907;  reprinted  in  Admiral  Mahan's  Some 
Neglected  Aspects  of  War,  Boston  and  London,  1907,  p.  3. 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler:  "The  Education  of  the  World  for  Peace," 
in  his  The  International  Mind,  New  York,  1912. 

Year  Boole  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  three 
vols.,  1911-1914. 


TEE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIRIT  21 


15.  The  Present  Incitements  to  War 

Commercial  inducements  to  bring  on  war  or  to  make 
war  immanent.  The  influence  of  great  armaments  and  of 
a  powerful  military  class.  Means  employed  to  induce  the 
nation  to  make  the  sacrifices  needed  for  such  armaments. 
The  effect  of  such  means  on  international  relations.  Secret 
treaties  and  espionage.  Boundaries  that  are  commercially 
unfortunate.  Boundaries  that  are  politically  unfortunate. 
Tyranny  abolished  in  certain  forms,  continues  in  others. 
Difficulties  from  diversities  of  language  and  of  race.  Yet 
the  lesson  from  Switzerland.  Perils  from  international 
unemployment  among  governments.  The  advantage  that 
will  accrue  when  governments  commit  themselves  to  con- 
structive enterprise. 


Keferences 

Eichard  Stockton,  Jr.:  Peace  Insurance,  Chicago,  1915;  especially 
ch.  5,  ''The  Underlying  Causes  of  War." 

J.  A.  Cramb:  Germany  and  England,  New  York,  1914. 

Francis  McCullagh:  "Syndicates  for  War,"  in  the  New  York  Even- 
ing Post,  Apr.  1,  1911,  and  reprinted  by  the  World  Peace 
Foundation,  Boston,  July,  1911. 

Sydney  Brooks:  ''The  German  Spy  System,"  Atlantic  Monthly, 
Feb.,  1915. 

The  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  various  nations  now  at  war, 
published  by  the  several  governments,  and  reprinted  in 
International  Conciliation,  New  York,  1914-15. 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAE  SPIBIT  22 


16.  Peace  Projects  and  Present  Attainments 

Methods  in  Greece  and  in  Rome.  The  plan  of  Henry 
IV  and  Sully;  of  Saint-Pierre,  of  Kant,  and  others.  The 
Holy  Alliance.  The  Concert  of  Europe.  The  hope  of  the 
free-traders.  The  rise  and  spread  of  arbitration.  Treaties 
for  postponement  and  report.  The  Conferences  at  The 
Hague.  The  present  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration.  In- 
ternational law.  Value  and  short-comings  of  all  these.  The 
existing  international  unions  for  purposes  other  than  war. 
Innovations  in  international  relations  and  politics. 


Eeferences 
Baroness  von  Suttner:  Memoirs,  Boston,  1910. 
Traites  generaux  d'arMtrage  communiques  au  Bureau  International 

de  la  Cour  Permanente  d' Arbitrage,  La  Haye,  Premiere  Serie, 

1911;  Deuxieme  S6rie,  1914. 
W.  Evans  Darby:  International  Tribunals;  a  Collection  of  the  Various 

Schemes  which  have  been  Propounded,  4th  ed.,  London,  1904. 
H.  La  Fontaine:  Pasicrisie  Internationale;  histoire  documentaire  des 

arbitrages  internationaux,  Berne,  1902. 
Benj.  F.  Trueblood:   The  Historic  Development  of  the  Peace  Idea, 

Boston,  1906. 
Sir  Thomas  Barclay:   ''Peace"  and  ''Peace  Conferences,''  Encyclo- 
pedia Brittanica,  11th  ed.,  vol.  21. 
L.  Oppenheim:  International  Law:  A  Treatise,  London,  1912. 
James  Brown  Scott:  The  Hague  Peace  Conferences  of  1899  and  1909, 

Baltimore,  1909. 


THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  SPIRIT  23 


17.  The  Need  of  International  Institutions 

The  great  influence  of  public  opinion  upon  international 
action;  but  the  insufficiency  of  this  when  not  expressed  in 
working  institutions.  Reasons  why  nations  will  not  as  yet, 
like  individuals,  go  unarmed.  Wars  will  continue  until 
institutions  are  established  to  accomplish  more  effectively 
and  at  less  vital  cost  the  aims  of  war.  Character  of  the 
institutions  needed.  The  inconveniences  of  the  present 
system  wherein  the  litigant  is  also  judge,  jury,  and  police. 
Freedom  of  the  aggrieved  to  initiate  war,  compared  with 
the  injustice  of  private  combat.  Obstacles  to  strengthening 
international  institutions.  Hope  from  the  foundations 
already  laid. 

References 

Lowes  Dickenson:  "After  the  War,"  Atlantic  Monthly,  Jan.,  1915. 

' '  The  War  and  the  Way  Out, ' '  Atlantic  Monthly,  Dec,  1914, 

April,  May,  1915. 
Irving  Fisher:   ''After  the  War,  What?"  New  York  Times,  Aug. 

16,  1914. 
Nicholas    Murray    Butler:     [prophesies    "The    United    States    of 

Europe"]  New  York  Times,  Oct.  18,  1914. 
Admiral    C.    F.    Goodrich:    "Wanted — an    International    Police," 

Nineteenth  Century,  vol.  70,  p.  24. 
Eaymond  L.  Brigman:  World  Organization,  Boston,  1905. 


TEE  FSYCROLp^Y  OF  TjETF.  WJ,M'JP^MIT  24 


18.  The  Treatment  of  the  Hopelessly  Warlike 

Defensive  warfare  must  be  the  common  enterprise  of  an 
ever-enlarging  body  of  nations.  Promise  and  preliminary- 
training  in  the  present  war-alliances.  Improvements  needed 
to  make  these  alliances  instruments  of  peace.  The  elevation 
of  the  common  interest  and  of  world-interest  above  the  par- 
ticular interest.  Evidence  that  patriotism  will  oppose,  but 
need  be  no  insuperable  obstacle  to  larger  organizations.  The 
use  and  future  of  war-energy.  The  control  and  re-direction 
of  instinct,  in  contrast  to  its  eradication. 


References 

William  James:  "The  Moral  Equivalent  of  War,"  in  International 

Conciliation,  no.  27,  Feb.,  1910. 
Aneurin  Williams:  "Proposals  for  a  League  of  Peace  and  Mutual 

Protection    among    Nations,"    Contemporary    Beview,    Nov., 

1914,  vol.  106,  p.  628. 
Letter   of  S.  Perez  Triana  to  the  President   of  the  Eepublic   of 

Colombia,  in  the  New  YorTc  Times,  Dec,  13,  1914. 
Andrew  Carnegie:  "A  League  of  Peace,"  Rectorial  Address  at  the 

University  of  St.  Andrews,  1905;  publ.  in  Boston,  1906.    See 

also  The  New  York  Times,  Dec.  6,  1914. 
"The  Control  of  the  Fighting  Instinct"  in  International  Concilia' 

tion,  no.  73,  New  York,  Dec,  1913. 


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